Auto sync: 2025-09-29 11:57:59 (16 files changed)

M  .task/backlog.data

M  .task/completed.data

M  .task/pending.data

M  .task/undo.data

M  Writing/ERLM/broader-impacts/v1.tex

M  Writing/ERLM/main.aux

M  Writing/ERLM/main.bbl

M  Writing/ERLM/main.blg

.task/backlog.data

@@ -86,3 +86,8 @@
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.task/completed.data

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.task/pending.data

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@@ -31,9 +30,6 @@
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.task/undo.data

@@ -291,3 +291,23 @@ new [description:"Add research tasks to research approach section" entry:"175873
 time 1758732224
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 ---
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+---

Writing/ERLM/broader-impacts/v1.tex

@@ -1,2 +1,74 @@
 \subsection{Broader Impacts}
 
+Nuclear power presents both a compelling application domain and an urgent
+economic challenge. Recent interest in powering artificial intelligence
+infrastructure has renewed focus on small modular reactors (SMRs), particularly
+for hyperscale datacenters requiring hundreds of megawatts of continuous power.
+Deploying SMRs at datacenter sites would minimize transmission losses and
+eliminate emissions from hydrocarbon-based alternatives. However, the economics
+of nuclear power deployment at this scale demand careful attention to operating
+costs.
+
+According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration's Annual Energy Outlook
+2022, advanced nuclear power entering service in 2027 is projected to cost
+\$88.24 per megawatt-hour~\cite{eia_lcoe_2022}. Datacenter electricity demand is
+projected to reach 1,050 terawatt-hours annually by
+2030~\cite{eesi_datacenter_2024}. If this demand were supplied by nuclear power,
+the total annual cost of power generation would exceed \$92 billion. Within this
+figure, operations and maintenance represents a substantial component. The EIA
+estimates that fixed O\&M costs alone account for \$16.15 per megawatt-hour,
+with additional variable O\&M costs embedded in fuel and operating
+expenses~\cite{eia_lcoe_2022}. Combined, O\&M-related costs represent
+approximately 23-30\% of the total levelized cost of electricity, translating to
+\$21-28 billion annually for projected datacenter demand.
+
+This research directly addresses the multi-billion dollar O\&M cost challenge
+through implementations of high-assurance autonomous control. Current nuclear
+operations require full control room staffing for each reactor, whether large
+conventional units or small modular designs. These staffing requirements drive
+the high O\&M costs that make nuclear power economically challenging,
+particularly for smaller reactor designs where the same staffing overhead must
+be spread across lower power output. By synthesizing provably correct hybrid
+controllers from formal specifications, we can automate routine operational
+sequences that currently require constant human oversight. This enables a
+fundamental shift from direct operator control to supervisory monitoring, where
+operators can oversee multiple autonomous reactors rather than manually
+controlling individual units.
+
+The correct-by-construction methodology is critical for this transition.
+Traditional automation approaches cannot provide sufficient safety guarantees
+for nuclear applications, where regulatory requirements and public safety
+concerns demand the highest levels of assurance. By formally verifying both the
+discrete mode-switching logic and the continuous control behavior, this research
+will produce controllers with mathematical proofs of correctness. These
+guarantees enable automation to safely handle routine operations—such as startup
+sequences, power level changes, and normal operational transitions—that
+currently require human operators to follow written procedures. Operators will
+remain in supervisory roles to handle off-normal conditions and provide
+authorization for major operational changes, but the routine cognitive burden of
+procedure execution shifts to provably correct automated systems that are much
+cheaper to operate.
+
+SMRs represent an ideal deployment target for this technology. Nuclear Regulatory
+Commission certification requires extensive documentation of control procedures,
+operational requirements, and safety analyses written in structured natural
+language. As described in our approach, these regulatory documents can be
+translated into temporal logic specifications using tools like FRET, then
+synthesized into discrete switching logic using reactive synthesis tools, and
+finally verified using reachability analysis and barrier certificates for the
+continuous control modes. The infrastructure of requirements and specifications
+is already complete as part of the licensing process, creating a direct pathway
+from existing regulatory documentation to formally verified autonomous
+controllers.
+
+Beyond reducing operating costs for new reactors, this research will establish a
+generalizable framework for autonomous control of safety-critical systems. The
+methodology of translating operational procedures into formal specifications,
+synthesizing discrete switching logic, and verifying continuous mode behavior
+applies to any hybrid system with documented operational requirements. Potential
+applications include chemical process control, aerospace systems, and autonomous
+transportation, where similar economic and safety considerations favor increased
+autonomy with provable correctness guarantees. By demonstrating this approach in
+nuclear power—one of the most regulated and safety-critical domains—this
+research will establish both the technical feasibility and regulatory pathway
+for broader adoption across critical infrastructure.

Writing/ERLM/main.aux

@@ -4,22 +4,25 @@
 \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Goals and Outcomes}{1}{}\protected@file@percent }
 \citation{geromel2006stability}
 \citation{branicky1998multiple,liberzon2003switching}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}State of the Art and Limits of Current Practice}{2}{}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Control Theory and Hybrid Systems}{2}{}\protected@file@percent }
 \citation{mitchell2005time}
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-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Control Theory and Hybrid Systems}{3}{}\protected@file@percent }
 \citation{yang2024learning}
 \citation{alur1993hybrid}
 \citation{alur1995algorithmic}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}Formal Methods and Reactive Synthesis}{3}{}\protected@file@percent }
 \citation{giannakopoulou2022fret}
 \citation{meyer2018strix,jacobs2017syntcomp}
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 \citation{platzer2008differential,platzer2017complete}
 \citation{fulton2015keymaera}
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+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Requirements: $(Procedures \wedge FRET) \rightarrow Temporal Specifications$}{5}{}\protected@file@percent }
-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}Discrete Synthesis: $(TemporalLogic \wedge ReactiveSynthesis) \rightarrow DiscreteAutomata$}{7}{}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}Discrete Synthesis: $(TemporalLogic \wedge ReactiveSynthesis) \rightarrow DiscreteAutomata$}{6}{}\protected@file@percent }
-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}$(DiscreteAutomata \wedge ControlTheory \wedge Reachability) \rightarrow ContinuousModes$}{7}{}\protected@file@percent }
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}$(DiscreteAutomata \wedge ControlTheory \wedge Reachability) \rightarrow ContinuousModes$}{6}{}\protected@file@percent }
-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4}Broader Impacts}{10}{}\protected@file@percent }
+\citation{eia_lcoe_2022}
+\citation{eesi_datacenter_2024}
+\citation{eia_lcoe_2022}
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 \bibdata{references}
 \bibcite{geromel2006stability}{1}
 \bibcite{branicky1998multiple}{2}
@@ -34,5 +37,7 @@
 \bibcite{platzer2008differential}{11}
 \bibcite{platzer2017complete}{12}
 \bibcite{fulton2015keymaera}{13}
-\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{References}{11}{}\protected@file@percent }
+\bibcite{eia_lcoe_2022}{14}
+\bibcite{eesi_datacenter_2024}{15}
+\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{References}{10}{}\protected@file@percent }
 \gdef \@abspage@last{12}

Writing/ERLM/main.bbl

@@ -65,4 +65,16 @@ Nathan Fulton, Stefan Mitsch, Jan-David Quesel, Marcus V{\"o}lp, and Andr{\'e} P
 \newblock Keymaera x: An axiomatic tactical theorem prover for hybrid systems.
 \newblock In {\em International Conference on Automated Deduction}, pages 527--538. Springer, 2015.
 
+\bibitem{eia_lcoe_2022}
+{U.S. Energy Information Administration}.
+\newblock Levelized costs of new generation resources in the annual energy outlook 2022.
+\newblock Report, U.S. Energy Information Administration, March 2022.
+\newblock See Table 1b, page 9.
+
+\bibitem{eesi_datacenter_2024}
+{Environmental and Energy Study Institute}.
+\newblock Data center energy needs are upending power grids and threatening the climate.
+\newblock Web article, 2024.
+\newblock Accessed: 2025-09-29.
+
 \end{thebibliography}

Writing/ERLM/main.blg

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Writing/ERLM/main.fdb_latexmk

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Writing/ERLM/main.tex

@@ -4,11 +4,8 @@
 
 \maketitle
 \input{goals-and-outcomes/v4}
-\newpage
 \input{state-of-the-art/v2}
-\newpage
 \input{research-approach/v2}
-\newpage
 \input{broader-impacts/v1}
 
 \newpage

Writing/ERLM/references.bib

@@ -308,3 +308,24 @@
   year={2021},
   publisher={IEEE}
 }
+
+%broader impacts
+@techreport{eia_lcoe_2022,
+  author       = {{U.S. Energy Information Administration}},
+  title        = {Levelized Costs of New Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2022},
+  institution  = {U.S. Energy Information Administration},
+  year         = {2022},
+  month        = {March},
+  type         = {Report},
+  url          = {https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf},
+  note         = {See Table 1b, page 9}
+}
+
+@misc{eesi_datacenter_2024,
+  author       = {{Environmental and Energy Study Institute}},
+  title        = {Data Center Energy Needs Are Upending Power Grids and Threatening the Climate},
+  howpublished = {Web article},
+  year         = {2024},
+  url          = {https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/data-center-energy-needs-are-upending-power-grids-and-threatening-the-climate},
+  note         = {Accessed: 2025-09-29}
+}