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300s School/NUCE 2100 - Fundamentals of Nuclear Engineering/2024-09-10 Module 3.md
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2. But different rays can only penetrate certain materials
1. Ionization density is inversely proportional to penetration
>[!note] **Exposure:**
>The $\gamma$ and x ray radiation field incident on a body. Measured by the specific ionization produced by it in the neighboring air.
>Measured in photon flux. Amount of energy transferred from the photons ot a unit mass of air.
>Traditional unit for exposure is the roentgen (R)
>1 R is the amount of radiation required to **liberate** positive or negative charges of one electrostatic unit of charge (esu = 3.33E-10 Coulomb) in 1 cm^3 of dry air at STP.
>1 R = 1 esu/cm^3 where $\rho$ = 1.293 kg/m^3
>An old unit. First attempt and standardizing field of radiation measurement
>[!note] Absorbed Dose
>Actual damage to matter depends on how much energy is absorbed.
>SI unit: rad ("Radiation Absorbed Dose"): 1 rad = 100 ergs/gm
>[!attention] SI Units for Radiation Quantities
>• Decay rate: Becquerel (Bq): 1Bq = 1 disintegration/second (dps), whereas 1 Curie = 3.7 x 1010 dps
>• Deposited energy: Gray (Gy): 1 Gy = 100 rads = 1 joule/kg *
>• Biological radiation effect: Sievert (Sv): 1 Sv = 100 rem
>
>* Recall 1 erg = 10-7 joule
# Module 3.2 - Radiation Damage in Biological Systems
Concentrations of ionizations within a single cell are more damaging then spread out ionization over many cells.
Biological damage is proportional to absorbed dose, as well as LET for that type of radiaiton.
Look at slides from 3.1 Slide 22-24 for more info
# Module 3.3 - Radiation Protection Standards
# Module 3.4 - Estimating Radiation Dose Rates
# Module 3.5 - Radiation Shielding