diff --git a/Writing/ERLM/:w b/Writing/ERLM/:w deleted file mode 100644 index a1c2871da..000000000 --- a/Writing/ERLM/:w +++ /dev/null @@ -1,627 +0,0 @@ -# ERLM Proposal Writing Review - Executive Summary - -**Date**: December 2, 2025 **Reviewer**: Claude Code -**Framework**: Gopen's Sense of Structure - ---- - -## Overview - -This proposal demonstrates strong technical content, clear -methodology, and comprehensive coverage of all required -elements. The research approach is well-conceived, and the -progression from problem statement through solution is -logical. The writing is generally clear and professional. - -**Key Strengths:** -- Excellent technical depth and specificity -- Strong motivation established through human factors -statistics -- Clear three-thrust research structure -- Comprehensive risk analysis with concrete contingencies -- Good use of specific examples (TMI accident, HARDENS -project) - -**Priority Areas for Revision:** -- Sentence-level: Strengthen stress positions to emphasize -key claims -- Paragraph-level: Sharpen point-issue structure in some -sections -- Section-level: Tighten organization in State of the Art -section -- Big picture: Strengthen "so what" connections throughout - ---- - -## Priority Issues (Top 10) - -### 1. **SOTA Section Length and Organization** -[SECTION-LEVEL] **Location**: State of the Art section (358 -lines) **Issue**: The SOTA section is the longest in the -proposal and covers multiple distinct topics (current -procedures, human factors, HARDENS). While comprehensive, it -risks overwhelming readers and obscuring your key - contributions. **Impact**: HIGH - Reviewers may lose track - of your argument in the density **Recommendation**: - Consider restructuring with clearer signposting. Each - subsection should explicitly connect back to what gap - you're filling. The current "\textbf{LIMITATION:}" callouts - are excellent—ensure every major subsection has one. - -### 2. **Weak Stress Positions Throughout** [SENTENCE-LEVEL] -**Location**: All sections, especially Goals and State of -the Art **Issue**: Many sentences place old/known -information in stress position (sentence-final), missing -opportunities to emphasize new claims **Impact**: -MEDIUM-HIGH - Reduces rhetorical impact of key claims **See -Pattern**: "Stress Position Weakness" below for examples and -fixes - -### 3. **Missing "So What" Connections** [BIG PICTURE] -**Location**: Transitions between major sections **Issue**: -The proposal moves from problem → approach → metrics without -always explicitly stating "this matters because..." at -transition points **Impact**: MEDIUM-HIGH - Reviewers may -not fully grasp significance **Recommendation**: Add -explicit "if successful, this enables..." statements at the -end of Goals section and beginning of Metrics section - -### 4. **Passive Voice Obscuring Agency** [SENTENCE-LEVEL] -**Location**: Research Approach, especially subsection -introductions **Issue**: Passive constructions like "will be -employed" and "will be used" hide who does what and reduce -directness **Impact**: MEDIUM - Reduces clarity and makes -writing feel less confident **See Pattern**: "Passive Voice" -below - -### 5. **Point-Issue Structure in Paragraphs** -[PARAGRAPH-LEVEL] **Location**: State of the Art, Risk -sections **Issue**: Some paragraphs present information -without first establishing why readers should care (the -"issue") **Impact**: MEDIUM - Readers may wonder "why are -you telling me this?" **See Pattern**: "Point-Issue -Structure" below - -### 6. **Topic String Breaks** [PARAGRAPH-LEVEL] -**Location**: Research Approach, subsection transitions -**Issue**: Topic position doesn't always establish clear -continuity from previous sentence, forcing readers to -reconstruct connections **Impact**: MEDIUM - Increases -cognitive load **See Pattern**: "Topic Position & -Continuity" below - -### 7. **Nominalization Hiding Action** [SENTENCE-LEVEL] -**Location**: Throughout, especially Research Approach -**Issue**: Action buried in nouns (e.g., "implementation" -instead of "implement", "verification" instead of "verify") -**Impact**: MEDIUM - Makes writing feel static rather than -dynamic **Recommendation**: Convert nominalizations to -active verbs where possible - -### 8. **Long Complex Sentences** [SENTENCE-LEVEL] -**Location**: State of the Art (lines 45-51), Risks (lines -72-79) **Issue**: Some sentences exceed 40-50 words with -multiple subordinate clauses, challenging comprehension -**Impact**: MEDIUM - Reviewers may have to re-read -**Recommendation**: Break into 2-3 shorter sentences with -clear logical flow - -### 9. **Subsection Balance in Risks Section** -[SECTION-LEVEL] **Location**: Risks and Contingencies -section **Issue**: Four subsections of vastly different -lengths (computational tractability gets more space than -discrete-continuous interface, despite latter being more -fundamental) **Impact**: LOW-MEDIUM - May suggest misaligned -priorities **Recommendation**: Consider whether space -allocation reflects actual risk magnitude - -### 10. **Broader Impacts Underutilized** [BIG PICTURE] -**Location**: Broader Impacts section (75 lines vs 358 for -SOTA) **Issue**: This section is relatively brief given that -economic impact is a major motivation for SMRs **Impact**: -LOW-MEDIUM - Missing opportunity to strengthen value -proposition **Recommendation**: Consider expanding economic -analysis or adding brief discussion of workforce/educational -impacts - ---- - -## Key Patterns Identified - -### Pattern 1: Stress Position Weakness - -**Principle** (Gopen): The stress position (end of sentence) -should contain the most important new information. Readers -expect climax at sentence-end and are disappointed when they -find old information or weak phrases there. - -**Example 1** (Goals and Outcomes, lines 13-17): ``` -Current: "Currently, nuclear plant operations rely on -extensively trained human operators who follow detailed -written procedures and strict regulatory requirements to -manage reactor control." ``` -- **Issue**: Sentence ends with "manage reactor control"—a -restatement of the opening. The key claim is buried -mid-sentence: "extensively trained...detailed -procedures...strict requirements" -- **Fixed**: "Currently, nuclear plant operations require -extensively trained human operators following detailed -written procedures under strict regulatory requirements." - -**Example 2** (State of the Art, lines 53-54): ``` Current: -"Procedures lack formal verification of correctness and -completeness." ``` -- **Issue**: Ends weakly with "completeness" which is minor -compared to the bigger issue -- **Fixed**: "Procedures lack formal verification, leaving -correctness and completeness unproven." - -**Example 3** (Research Approach, lines 41-42): ``` Current: -"The following sections discuss how these thrusts will be -accomplished." ``` -- **Issue**: Pure metadiscourse in stress position, provides -no new information -- **Fixed**: Delete this sentence—the enumeration provides -sufficient transition, or combine with previous sentence: -"...through three main thrusts, each detailed below." - -**Similar instances**: -- Goals lines 29-32: "...we will combine formal methods..." -- State of the Art lines 81-85: "...no application of hybrid -control theory exists..." -- Research Approach lines 115-116: "...enable progression to -the next step..." -- Metrics lines 29-31: "...makes this metric directly -relevant..." -- Risks lines 12-13: "...identification of remaining -barriers to deployment" - -**How to fix**: Identify the most important new claim in -each sentence and move it to the end. Often this means -converting from "X does Y to achieve Z" to "X achieves Z by -doing Y." - ---- - -### Pattern 2: Passive Voice Obscuring Agency - -**Principle** (Gopen): Passive voice obscures who does what -and reduces directness. In proposal writing, active voice -demonstrates confidence and control. Use passive only when -the agent is truly unimportant or unknown. - -**Example 1** (Research Approach, line 118): ``` Current: -"We will employ state-of-the-art reactive synthesis -tools..." ``` -- **Issue**: "Employ" is weak; you're not hiring the tools, -you're using them -- **Better**: "We will use Strix, a state-of-the-art -reactive synthesis tool..." -- **Best**: "Strix will translate our temporal logic -specifications into deterministic automata..." (Shows what -the tool *does*, not just that you'll use it) - -**Example 2** (Research Approach, line 207): ``` Current: -"Control barrier functions will be employed when..." ``` -- **Issue**: Passive—who employs them? And "employed" sounds -formal/stuffy -- **Fixed**: "We will use control barrier functions to -verify..." or better "Control barrier functions verify..." - -**Example 3** (Metrics, line 67): ``` Current: "This -milestone delivers an internal technical report..." ``` -- **Issue**: Milestones don't deliver, people do -- **Fixed**: "We will deliver an internal technical report -documenting..." - -**Similar instances**: -- Research Approach lines 161, 175, 206, 220: "will be -employed", "will be developed", "will be used" -- Metrics lines 69, 73, 79, 84: "...delivers a [document]" -- Risks lines 57, 109, 163: various passives - -**How to fix**: -1. Identify the real agent (usually "we") -2. Make agent the subject: "We will X" or "X will Y" -3. Choose strong active verbs: use/apply/develop/verify (not -employ/utilize) - ---- - -### Pattern 3: Point-Issue Structure Weakness - -**Principle** (Gopen): Paragraphs should begin by -establishing (1) the point/claim being made and (2) why it -matters (the issue). Discussion then supports that point. -Readers need context before details. - -**Example 1** (State of the Art, lines 88-107): ``` Current -paragraph begins: "The persistent role of human error in -nuclear safety incidents, despite decades of -improvements..." ``` -- **Analysis**: This paragraph immediately dives into the -"persistent role" without first establishing why we're -discussing human factors at all. Reader thinks: "Wait, -weren't we just talking about procedures?" -- **Fixed**: Add issue statement first: "Human factors -provide the most compelling motivation for formal automated -control. Despite decades of improvements in training and -procedures, human error persists in 70-80% of nuclear -incidents—suggesting that operator-based control faces -fundamental, not remediable, limitations." - -**Example 2** (Risks, first paragraph): ``` Current: "This -research relies on several critical assumptions that, if -invalidated, would require scope adjustment..." ``` -- **Analysis**: Good—this establishes both point (critical -assumptions exist) and issue (invalidity requires -adjustment) immediately. The paragraph then delivers on this -promise. This is a good model! - -**Example 3** (Research Approach, lines 166-169): ``` -Current: "While discrete system components will be -synthesized with correctness guarantees, they represent only -half of the complete system." ``` -- **Analysis**: Good issue statement (discrete alone -insufficient), but could be sharper about the point. What -will this section show? -- **Fixed**: "While discrete system components will be -synthesized with correctness guarantees, they represent only -half of the complete system. This section describes how we -will develop continuous control modes, verify their -correctness, and address the unique verification challenges -at the discrete-continuous interface." - -**Similar instances**: -- State of the Art lines 13-34: long paragraph with delayed -point -- Goals lines 103-119: impact paragraph could be tighter -- Approach lines 178-208: three-mode classification needs -clearer framing - -**How to fix**: -1. First sentence should state the paragraph's point -2. Second sentence (or same sentence) should state why this -matters -3. Remaining sentences provide supporting detail - ---- - -### Pattern 4: Topic Position & Continuity - -**Principle** (Gopen): The topic position (beginning of -sentence) should contain old/familiar information that links -to what came before. This creates flow and coherence. Abrupt -topic shifts disorient readers. - -**Example 1** (Goals, lines 18-23): ``` Sentence 1: "...this -reliance on human operators prevents the introduction of -autonomous control capabilities..." - -Sentence 2: "Emerging technologies like small modular -reactors face significantly higher per-megawatt staffing -costs..." ``` -- **Issue**: Topic shifts abruptly from "reliance on -operators" to "emerging technologies". Connection exists -(both about staffing challenges) but isn't explicit -- **Fixed**: "...prevents autonomous control capabilities. -This limitation creates particular challenges for emerging -technologies like small modular reactors, which face -significantly higher per-megawatt staffing costs..." - -**Example 2** (State of the Art, lines 234-243): ``` -Sentence about what HARDENS addressed: "...discrete digital -control logic..." - -Next sentence: "However, the project did not address -continuous dynamics..." ``` -- **Analysis**: Good use of "however, the project" in topic -position—maintains focus on HARDENS while pivoting to -limitation. This is a good model! - -**Example 3** (Research Approach, lines 56-58): ``` Sentence -1: "...we may be able to translate them into logical -formulae..." - -Sentence 2: "Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) provides four -fundamental operators..." ``` -- **Issue**: Abrupt topic shift from "translating -procedures" to "LTL provides". Missing: why LTL? Why now? -- **Fixed**: "...translate them into logical formulae. To -formalize these procedures, we will use Linear Temporal -Logic (LTL), which provides four fundamental operators..." - -**Similar instances**: -- Goals lines 23-27: "emerging technologies" → "what is -needed" -- State of the Art lines 72-74: control modes → division -between automated/human -- Approach lines 183-185: stabilizing mode example → -transitory mode definition - -**How to fix**: -1. Identify the topic of the previous sentence -2. Begin next sentence with something related to that topic -3. Use transitional phrases when shifting topics: "This -[previous thing] leads to [new thing]" - ---- - -### Pattern 5: Long Complex Sentences - -**Principle**: Sentences with multiple subordinate clauses -(especially over 35-40 words) tax reader working memory. -Breaking into multiple sentences often improves clarity -without losing sophistication. - -**Example 1** (State of the Art, lines 48-51): ``` Current -(51 words): "Procedures undergo technical evaluation, -simulator validation testing, and biennial review as part of -operator requalification under 10 CFR 55.59, but despite -these rigorous development processes, procedures -fundamentally lack formal verification of key safety -properties." ``` -- **Issue**: Long sentence with list, subordinate clause, -and contrast—hard to parse -- **Fixed (2 sentences)**: "Procedures undergo technical -evaluation, simulator validation testing, and biennial -review as part of operator requalification under 10 CFR -55.59. Despite these rigorous development processes, -procedures fundamentally lack formal verification of key -safety properties." - -**Example 2** (Risks, lines 72-78): ``` Current (57 words): -"Temporal logic operates on boolean predicates, while -continuous control requires reasoning about differential -equations and reachable sets, and guard conditions that -require complex nonlinear predicates may resist boolean -abstraction, making synthesis intractable." ``` -- **Issue**: Run-on with multiple clauses strung together -with commas -- **Fixed (3 sentences)**: "Temporal logic operates on -boolean predicates, while continuous control requires -reasoning about differential equations and reachable sets. -Guard conditions requiring complex nonlinear predicates may -resist boolean abstraction. This mismatch could make -synthesis intractable." - -**Similar instances**: -- State of the Art lines 44-51: procedure development -description -- Research Approach lines 40-45: hybrid system description -- Risks lines 17-24: computational tractability discussion -- Broader Impacts lines 13-23: economic analysis - -**How to fix**: -1. Identify natural breakpoints (usually where you have -"and" or "but") -2. Create new sentences at these breaks -3. Ensure each new sentence has clear topic position -4. May need to repeat/reference previous sentence's subject -for clarity - ---- - -## Section-Level Issues - -### Goals and Outcomes Section **Strengths**: Excellent -structure with clear goal → problem → approach → outcomes → -impact progression. The four-paragraph opening is very -strong. - -**Issues**: -- Lines 29-53 (Approach paragraph): This is dense and tries -to cover too much. Consider breaking into two paragraphs: -one on the approach concept, one on the hypothesis and -rationale. -- Outcomes enumeration: Very clear, but could strengthen the -transition from strategy to outcome in each item. Currently -reads as "we'll do X. [new sentence] This enables Y." -Consider: "We'll do X, enabling Y." - -### State of the Art Section **Strengths**: Comprehensive, -well-researched, excellent use of the HARDENS case study as -both positive example and gap identifier. - -**Issues**: -- **Length**: At 358 lines, this risks losing readers. Most -concerning: readers may forget your framing by the time they -reach your contribution. -- **Organization**: Four major subsections (procedures, -human factors, HARDENS, research imperative) would benefit -from a roadmap sentence at the beginning: "To understand the -need for hybrid control synthesis, we first examine..." -- **Balance**: HARDENS subsection is 89 lines—nearly 25% of -SOTA. While impressive, consider whether this should be a -separate section or whether some detail could move to an -appendix. -- **Transition to Approach**: The "Research Imperative" -subsection is excellent but feels like it belongs at the -start of Research Approach rather than end of SOTA. - -### Research Approach Section **Strengths**: Clear -three-thrust structure, good use of equations and examples, -strong technical detail. - -**Issues**: -- **Subsection transitions**: The transitions between the -three main subsections (Procedures→Temporal, -Temporal→Discrete, Discrete→Continuous) could be smoother. -Each starts somewhat abruptly. -- **SmAHTR introduction**: The SmAHTR demonstration case is -introduced suddenly at line 253. Consider introducing it -earlier (perhaps in Goals section or at start of Approach) -so readers know it's coming. -- **Three-mode classification**: Lines 178-208 present the -stabilizing/transitory/expulsory framework, which is -innovative. This deserves more prominence—consider -highlighting it as a key contribution. - -### Metrics of Success Section **Strengths**: TRL framework -is well-justified, progression through levels is clear. - -**Issues**: -- **Defensive tone**: Lines 11-30 spend considerable space -justifying why TRL is appropriate. This is good but could be -more concise. Consider: one paragraph on why TRLs (lines -10-19) rather than two. -- **Grading criteria**: The TRL definitions (3, 4, 5) are -excellent. Very concrete and measurable. - -### Risks and Contingencies Section **Strengths**: -Comprehensive, each risk has indicators and contingencies, -well-organized. - -**Issues**: -- **Subsection balance**: Four subsections range from 41 -lines (computational) to 65 lines (discrete-continuous). -Ensure space reflects actual risk level. -- **Mitigation vs. contingency**: Some subsections blur -"mitigation" (preventing problems) and "contingency" -(response if they occur). Consider clarifying this -structure. - -### Broader Impacts Section **Strengths**: Clear economic -motivation, good connection to SMRs and datacenter -application. - -**Issues**: -- **Brevity**: At 75 lines, this is the shortest technical -section. Given that economic viability is a key motivation, -consider expanding. -- **Missed opportunities**: Could briefly mention -workforce/educational impacts (training future engineers in -formal methods), equity (providing reliable clean energy to -underserved areas), broader applicability beyond nuclear. - -### Budget Section **Brief review**: Budget is -comprehensive, well-justified, appropriate. Minor note: -Consider whether the high-performance workstation (Year 1) -might need upgrades in Year 2-3 as synthesis scales up. - -### Schedule Section **Brief review**: Schedule is ambitious -but realistic. Six trimesters for dissertation research is -reasonable. Publication strategy is smart (nuclear community -first, then broader control theory community). Minor note: -Line 73 has a space issue ("t ranslation"). - ---- - -## Big Picture Observations - -### Narrative and Argument Structure - -**Strengths**: -- Clear problem-solution arc: operators make errors → -procedures lack formal guarantees → hybrid control synthesis -provides guarantees -- Good use of motivating examples (TMI, human error -statistics, HARDENS) -- Technical progression is logical: discrete synthesis → -continuous verification → integrated system - -**Opportunities**: -1. **Strengthen "so what" transitions**: The proposal -sometimes presents information without explicitly stating -significance. Add more "This matters because..." statements. -2. **Emphasize novelty earlier**: The three-mode -classification and discrete-continuous interface -verification are novel contributions. Signal this earlier -and more explicitly. -3. **Create more callbacks**: When describing Research -Approach, refer back to specific limitations identified in -State of the Art. Currently these connections are implicit. - -### Rhetorical Effectiveness - -**Credibility established through**: -- Comprehensive literature review -- Specific technical detail -- Access to industry hardware (Emerson partnership) -- Prior conference recognition (best student paper) - -**Value proposition**: -- Clear economic impact (O&M cost reduction) -- Safety improvement (mathematical guarantees vs. human -operators) -- Broader applicability (methodology generalizes) - -**Could strengthen**: -- More explicit statements of what's novel vs. what's -established practice -- Stronger emphasis on the unique combination of discrete -synthesis + continuous verification (others do one or the -other, not both) - -### Content Gaps and Consistency - -**Terminology**: -- Generally consistent -- Good introduction of technical terms (hybrid automata, -temporal logic, reachability analysis) -- Minor: "correct by construction" vs. "provably -correct"—used interchangeably, which is fine, but could note -they're synonymous - -**Scope consistency**: -- Excellent—stays focused on startup procedures for SmAHTR -- Appropriately acknowledges limitations (TRL 5, not -deployment-ready) -- Risk section addresses what happens if scope must narrow - -**Potential gaps**: -1. **Cybersecurity**: Not mentioned. For autonomous nuclear -control, shouldn't there be at least a paragraph on security -verification? -2. **Regulatory path**: You mention "regulatory -requirements" but don't detail what NRC approval process -would look like. Even a paragraph would strengthen -credibility. -3. **Comparison with alternatives**: What about machine -learning approaches to autonomous control? Worth a paragraph -explaining why formal methods are superior for -safety-critical systems. - ---- - -## Gopen Framework Quick Reference - -**Stress Position**: End of sentence should contain most -important new information. Readers expect climax there. - -**Topic Position**: Beginning of sentence should contain -familiar information that links to previous sentence. -Creates flow. - -**Point-Issue Structure**: Paragraphs should open by stating -(1) the point/claim and (2) why it matters, before providing -supporting detail. - -**Topic String**: The chain of topics across sentences in a -paragraph. Strong topic strings create coherence; broken -ones confuse readers. - -**Old→New Information Flow**: Information should flow from -familiar (old) to unfamiliar (new) within sentences and -paragraphs. - ---- - -## Next Steps - -1. **Start with Priority Issues 1-3**: These have the -highest impact -2. **Apply Patterns**: Use the pattern examples to fix -similar instances throughout -3. **Consult Detailed Document**: For comprehensive -checkbox-by-checkbox revisions -4. **Section-by-section revision**: Work through one section -at a time, applying patterns -5. **Final pass for consistency**: Ensure changes maintain -consistent terminology and tone - -This proposal has strong technical content and a solid -structure. The revisions suggested here will strengthen -clarity, emphasize key contributions, and make the argument -even more compelling for reviewers. 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Rep. NUREG-0899, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1982. + +\bibitem{10CFR50.34} +{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, ``{10 CFR Part 50.34}.'' Code of Federal Regulations. + +\bibitem{10CFR55.59} +{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, ``{10 CFR Part 55.59}.'' Code of Federal Regulations. + +\bibitem{WRPS.Description} +``{Westinghouse RPS System Description},'' tech. rep., Westinghouse Electric Corporation. + +\bibitem{gentillon_westinghouse_1999} +C.~D. Gentillon, D.~Marksberry, D.~Rasmuson, M.~B. Calley, S.~A. Eide, and T.~Wierman, ``Westinghouse reactor protection system unavailability, 1984-1995.'' +\newblock Number: {INEEL}/{CON}-99-00374 Publisher: Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. + +\bibitem{operator_statistics} +{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, ``{Operator Licensing}.'' \url{https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operator-licensing}. \bibitem{10CFR55} -{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}. -\newblock Operators' licenses. -\newblock 10 CFR Part 55. -\newblock Code of Federal Regulations. +{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, ``{Part 55—Operators' Licenses}.'' \url{https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part055/full-text}. + +\bibitem{10CFR50.54} +{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, ``{§ 50.54 Conditions of Licenses}.'' \url{https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part050/part050-0054}. \bibitem{Kemeny1979} -John~G. Kemeny et~al. -\newblock Report of the president's commission on the accident at three mile island. -\newblock Technical report, President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, October 1979. - -\bibitem{DOE-HDBK-1028-2009} -{U.S. Department of Energy}. -\newblock Human performance handbook. -\newblock Handbook DOE-HDBK-1028-2009, U.S. Department of Energy, 2009. +J.~G. Kemeny {\em et~al.}, ``Report of the president's commission on the accident at three mile island,'' tech. rep., President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, October 1979. \bibitem{WNA2020} -{World Nuclear Association}. -\newblock Safety of nuclear power reactors. -\newblock \url{https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/safety-of-nuclear-power-reactors.aspx}, 2020. +{World Nuclear Association}, ``Safety of nuclear power reactors.'' \url{https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/safety-of-nuclear-power-reactors.aspx}, 2020. -\bibitem{IAEA-severe-accidents} -{International Atomic Energy Agency}. -\newblock Human error as root cause in severe nuclear accidents. -\newblock IAEA Safety Report. -\newblock Analysis of TMI, Chernobyl, and Fukushima accidents. +\bibitem{hogberg_root_2013} +L.~Högberg, ``Root causes and impacts of severe accidents at large nuclear power plants,'' vol.~42, no.~3, pp.~267--284. -\bibitem{Wang2025} -Y.~Wang et~al. -\newblock Analysis of human error in nuclear power plant operations: A systematic review of events from 2007--2020. -\newblock {\em Journal of Nuclear Safety}, 2025. -\newblock Analysis of 190 events at Chinese nuclear power plants. +\bibitem{zhang_analysis_2025} +M.~Zhang, L.~Dai, W.~Chen, and E.~Pang, ``Analysis of human errors in nuclear power plant event reports,'' vol.~57, no.~10, p.~103687. -\bibitem{Reason1990} -James Reason. -\newblock {\em Human Error}. -\newblock Cambridge University Press, 1990. - -\bibitem{Kiniry2022} -Joseph Kiniry, Alexander Bakst, Michal Podhradsky, Simon Hansen, and Andrew Bivin. -\newblock High assurance rigorous digital engineering for nuclear safety (hardens) final technical report. -\newblock Technical Report ML22326A307, Galois, Inc. / U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2022. +\bibitem{Kiniry2024} +J.~Kiniry, A.~Bakst, S.~Hansen, M.~Podhradsky, and A.~Bivin, ``High assurance rigorous digital engineering for nuclear safety (hardens) final technical report,'' Tech. Rep. TLR-RES-RES/DE-2024-005, Galois, Inc. / U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2024. \newblock NRC Contract 31310021C0014. -\bibitem{eia_lcoe_2022} -{U.S. Energy Information Administration}. -\newblock Levelized costs of new generation resources in the annual energy outlook 2022. -\newblock Report, U.S. Energy Information Administration, March 2022. -\newblock See Table 1b, page 9. - -\bibitem{eesi_datacenter_2024} -{Environmental and Energy Study Institute}. -\newblock Data center energy needs are upending power grids and threatening the climate. -\newblock Web article, 2024. -\newblock Accessed: 2025-09-29. - \end{thebibliography} diff --git a/Writing/ERLM/main.blg b/Writing/ERLM/main.blg index 31c6bc737..7e4046e72 100644 --- a/Writing/ERLM/main.blg +++ b/Writing/ERLM/main.blg @@ -1,63 +1,61 @@ This is BibTeX, Version 0.99d (TeX Live 2023/Debian) Capacity: max_strings=200000, hash_size=200000, hash_prime=170003 The top-level auxiliary file: main.aux -The style file: unsrt.bst -White space in argument---line 10 of file main.aux - 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D. and Marksberry, D. and Rasmuson, D. and Calley, M. B. and Eide, S. A. and Wierman, T.}, + urldate = {2025-12-05}, + date = {1999-08-01}, + note = {Number: {INEEL}/{CON}-99-00374 +Publisher: Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/home/danesabo/Zotero/storage/7QKWQ8NI/Gentillon et al. - 1999 - Westinghouse Reactor Protection System Unavailability, 1984-1995.pdf:application/pdf}, } -@inproceedings{donze2010robust, - title={Robust satisfaction of temporal logic over real-valued signals}, - author={Donz{\'e}, Alexandre and Maler, Oded}, - booktitle={International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems}, - pages={92--106}, - year={2010}, - publisher={Springer} -} - -% Control Theory and Stability - -@article{geromel2006stability, - title={Stability and stabilization of continuous-time switched linear systems}, - author={Geromel, Jos{\'e} C and Colaneri, Patrizio}, - journal={SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization}, - volume={45}, - number={5}, - pages={1915--1930}, - year={2006}, - publisher={SIAM} -} - -@book{liberzon2003switching, - title={Switching in systems and control}, - author={Liberzon, Daniel}, - year={2003}, - publisher={Birkh{\"a}user Boston} -} - -@article{branicky1998multiple, - title={Multiple Lyapunov functions and other analysis tools for switched and hybrid systems}, - author={Branicky, Michael S}, - journal={IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control}, - volume={43}, - number={4}, - pages={475--482}, - year={1998}, - publisher={IEEE} -} - -% Recent Advances (2020-2025) - -@article{yang2024learning, - title={Learning Local Control Barrier Functions for Hybrid Systems}, - author={Yang, Shuo and Chen, Yiwei and Yin, Xiang and Mangharam, Rahul}, - journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.14907}, - year={2024} -} - -@inproceedings{su2024switching, - title={Switching Controller Synthesis for Hybrid Systems Against STL Formulas}, - author={Su, Mingyu and Vizel, Yakir and Vardi, Moshe Y}, - booktitle={International Symposium on Formal Methods}, - pages={231--248}, - year={2024}, - publisher={Springer} -} - -@article{yao2024model, - title={Model predictive control of stochastic hybrid systems with signal temporal logic constraints}, - author={Yao, Li and Wang, Yiming and Chen, Xiang}, - journal={Automatica}, - volume={159}, - pages={111037}, - year={2024}, - publisher={Elsevier} -} - -@article{yu2024online, - title={Online control synthesis for uncertain systems under signal temporal logic specifications}, - author={Yu, Pian and Gao, Yulong and Jiang, Frank J and Johansson, Karl H and Dimarogonas, Dimos V}, - journal={The International Journal of Robotics Research}, - volume={43}, - number={3}, - pages={284--307}, - year={2024}, - publisher={SAGE} -} - -% Tools and Frameworks - -@inproceedings{meyer2018strix, - title={Strix: Explicit reactive synthesis strikes back!}, - author={Meyer, Philipp J and Luttenberger, Michael}, - booktitle={International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}, - pages={578--586}, - year={2018}, - publisher={Springer} -} - -@techreport{giannakopoulou2022fret, - title={Capturing and Analyzing Requirements with FRET}, - author={Giannakopoulou, Dimitra and Mavridou, Anastasia and Rhein, Julian and Pressburger, Thomas and Schumann, Johann and Shi, Nija}, - institution={NASA Ames Research Center}, - year={2022}, - number={NASA/TM-20220007610} -} - -@inproceedings{fulton2015keymaera, - title={KeYmaera X: An axiomatic tactical theorem prover for hybrid systems}, - author={Fulton, Nathan and Mitsch, Stefan and Quesel, Jan-David and V{\"o}lp, Marcus and Platzer, Andr{\'e}}, - booktitle={International Conference on Automated Deduction}, - pages={527--538}, - year={2015}, - publisher={Springer} -} - -@inproceedings{frehse2011spaceex, - title={SpaceEx: Scalable verification of hybrid systems}, - author={Frehse, Goran and Le Guernic, Colas and Donz{\'e}, Alexandre and Cotton, Scott and Ray, Rajarshi and Lebeltel, Olivier and Ripado, Rodolfo and Girard, Antoine and Dang, Thao and Maler, Oded}, - booktitle={International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}, - pages={379--395}, - year={2011}, - publisher={Springer} -} - -@inproceedings{chen2013flow, - title={Flow*: An analyzer for non-linear hybrid systems}, - author={Chen, Xin and {\'A}brah{\'a}m, Erika and Sankaranarayanan, Sriram}, - booktitle={International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}, - pages={258--263}, - year={2013}, - publisher={Springer} -} - -@inproceedings{larsen1997uppaal, - title={UPPAAL in a nutshell}, - author={Larsen, Kim G and Pettersson, Paul and Yi, Wang}, - journal={International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer}, - volume={1}, - number={1-2}, - pages={134--152}, - year={1997}, - publisher={Springer} -} - -% Reachability and Verification - - -@INPROCEEDINGS{bansal2017hamilton, - author={Bansal, Somil and Chen, Mo and Herbert, Sylvia and Tomlin, Claire J.}, - booktitle={2017 IEEE 56th Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)}, - title={Hamilton-Jacobi reachability: A brief overview and recent advances}, - year={2017}, - volume={}, - pages={2242-2253}, - keywords={Games;Safety;Tools;Trajectory;Tutorials;Level set;Aircraft}, - doi={10.1109/CDC.2017.8263977} -} - -@article{althoff2021set, - title={Set propagation techniques for reachability analysis}, - author={Althoff, Matthias and Frehse, Goran and Girard, Antoine}, - journal={Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems}, - volume={4}, - pages={369--395}, - year={2021}, - publisher={Annual Reviews} -} - -@inproceedings{tabuada2004compositional, - title={Compositional abstractions of hybrid control systems}, - author={Tabuada, Paulo and Pappas, George J and Lima, Pedro}, - journal={Discrete Event Dynamic Systems}, - volume={14}, - number={2}, - pages={203--238}, - year={2004}, - publisher={Springer} -} - -% Applications - -@article{varaiya1993smart, - title={Smart cars on smart roads: Problems of control}, - author={Varaiya, Pravin}, - journal={IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control}, - volume={38}, - number={2}, - pages={195--207}, - year={1993}, - publisher={IEEE} -} - -@article{verlinden2024hybrid, - title={Hybrid reliability modeling of nuclear safety systems: A case study on the reactor protection system of a research reactor}, - author={Verlinden, S and Deridder, F and Wagemans, P}, - journal={Nuclear Engineering and Design}, - volume={417}, - pages={112868}, - year={2024}, - publisher={Elsevier} -} - -% Competitions and Benchmarks - -@inproceedings{hscc2024proceedings, - title={Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control}, - booktitle={HSCC '24}, - year={2024}, - publisher={ACM}, - address={New York, NY, USA} -} - -@inproceedings{jacobs2017syntcomp, - title={The 4th reactive synthesis competition (SYNTCOMP 2017): Benchmarks, participants \& results}, - author={Jacobs, Swen and Bloem, Roderick and Brenguier, Romain and others}, - booktitle={6th Workshop on Synthesis}, - year={2017}, - series={EPTCS}, - volume={260} -} - -% Supporting Papers - -@article{wabersich2018linear, - title={Linear model predictive safety certification for learning-based control}, - author={Wabersich, Kim P and Zeilinger, Melanie N}, - journal={Automatica}, - volume={97}, - pages={48--59}, - year={2018}, - publisher={Elsevier} -} - -@inproceedings{prajna2004safety, - title={Safety verification of hybrid systems using barrier certificates}, - author={Prajna, Stephen and Jadbabaie, Ali}, - booktitle={International Workshop on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control}, - pages={477--492}, - year={2004}, - publisher={Springer} -} - -@article{ames2017control, - title={Control barrier function based quadratic programs for safety critical systems}, - author={Ames, Aaron D and Xu, Xiangru and Grizzle, Jessy W and Tabuada, Paulo}, - journal={IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control}, - volume={62}, - number={8}, - pages={3861--3876}, - year={2017}, - publisher={IEEE} -} - -@article{srinivasan2018control, - title={Control of mobile robots using barrier functions under temporal logic specifications}, - author={Srinivasan, Mohit and Coogan, Samuel}, - journal={IEEE Transactions on Robotics}, - volume={37}, - number={2}, - pages={363--374}, - year={2021}, - publisher={IEEE} -} - -%broader impacts -@techreport{eia_lcoe_2022, - author = {{U.S. Energy Information Administration}}, - title = {Levelized Costs of New Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2022}, - institution = {U.S. Energy Information Administration}, - year = {2022}, - month = {March}, - type = {Report}, - url = {https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf}, - note = {See Table 1b, page 9} -} - -@misc{eesi_datacenter_2024, - author = {{Environmental and Energy Study Institute}}, - title = {Data Center Energy Needs Are Upending Power Grids and Threatening the Climate}, - howpublished = {Web article}, - year = {2024}, - url = {https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/data-center-energy-needs-are-upending-power-grids-and-threatening-the-climate}, - note = {Accessed: 2025-09-29} -} -@techreport{DOE-HDBK-1028-2009, - title = {Human Performance Handbook}, - author = {{U.S. Department of Energy}}, - institution = {U.S. Department of Energy}, - year = {2009}, - number = {DOE-HDBK-1028-2009}, - type = {Handbook} -} - -@misc{WNA2020, - title = {Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors}, - author = {{World Nuclear Association}}, - year = {2020}, - howpublished = {\url{https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/safety-of-nuclear-power-reactors.aspx}} -} - -@article{Wang2025, - title = {Analysis of Human Error in Nuclear Power Plant Operations: A Systematic Review of Events from 2007--2020}, - author = {Wang, Y. and others}, - journal = {Journal of Nuclear Safety}, - year = {2025}, - note = {Analysis of 190 events at Chinese nuclear power plants} +@online{operator_statistics, + title = {{Operator Licensing}}, + author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, + howpublished = {\url{https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operator-licensing}}, + urldate = {2025-11-28}, + file = {Operator Licensing | Nuclear Regulatory Commission:/home/danesabo/Zotero/storage/KUP9B5GH/operator-licensing.html:text/html}, } @misc{10CFR55, - title = {Operators' Licenses}, - author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, - howpublished = {10 CFR Part 55}, - note = {Code of Federal Regulations} + title = {{Part 55—Operators' Licenses}}, + author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, + howpublished = {\url{https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part055/full-text}}, +} + +@online{10CFR50.54, + title = {{§ 50.54 Conditions of Licenses}}, + author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, + howpublished = {\url{https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part050/part050-0054}}, + urldate = {2025-11-28}, + file = {§ 50.54 Conditions of licenses. | Nuclear Regulatory Commission:/home/danesabo/Zotero/storage/THTZUD3T/part050-0054.html:text/html}, } @techreport{Kemeny1979, @@ -368,180 +72,53 @@ month = {October} } -@misc{10CFR50, - title = {Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities}, - author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, - howpublished = {10 CFR Part 50}, - note = {Code of Federal Regulations} +@misc{WNA2020, + title = {Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors}, + author = {{World Nuclear Association}}, + year = {2020}, + howpublished = {\url{https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/safety-of-nuclear-power-reactors.aspx}} } -@techreport{NUREG-0899, - title = {Guidelines for the Preparation of Emergency Operating Procedures}, - author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, - institution = {U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, - year = {1982}, - number = {NUREG-0899} +@article{hogberg_root_2013, + title = {Root Causes and Impacts of Severe Accidents at Large Nuclear Power Plants}, + volume = {42}, + issn = {0044-7447}, + url = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3606704/}, + doi = {10.1007/s13280-013-0382-x}, + pages = {267--284}, + number = {3}, + journaltitle = {Ambio}, + shortjournal = {Ambio}, + author = {Högberg, Lars}, + urldate = {2025-12-05}, + date = {2013-04}, + pmid = {23423737}, + pmcid = {PMC3606704}, + file = {Full Text:/home/danesabo/Zotero/storage/E8F2QZGR/Högberg - 2013 - Root Causes and Impacts of Severe Accidents at Large Nuclear Power Plants.pdf:application/pdf}, } -@techreport{IAEA-TECDOC-1580, - title = {Good Practices for Cost Effective Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plants}, - author = {{International Atomic Energy Agency}}, - institution = {International Atomic Energy Agency}, - year = {2007}, - number = {TECDOC-1580} +@article{zhang_analysis_2025, + title = {Analysis of human errors in nuclear power plant event reports}, + volume = {57}, + issn = {1738-5733}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1738573325002554}, + doi = {10.1016/j.net.2025.103687}, + pages = {103687}, + number = {10}, + journaltitle = {Nuclear Engineering and Technology}, + shortjournal = {Nuclear Engineering and Technology}, + author = {Zhang, Meihui and Dai, Licao and Chen, Wenming and Pang, Ensheng}, + urldate = {2025-12-05}, + date = {2025-10-01}, + keywords = {Active errors, {HFACS} model, Latent errors, Licensee event reports}, + file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/danesabo/Zotero/storage/N5R2Z3GL/S1738573325002554.html:text/html}, } -@techreport{NUREG-2114, - title = {Cognitive Basis for Human Reliability Analysis}, - author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, - institution = {U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, - year = {2016}, - number = {NUREG-2114} -} - -@article{Zerovnik2023, - title = {Knowledge Transfer Challenges in Nuclear Operations}, - author = {\v{Z}erovnik, Gašper and others}, - journal = {Nuclear Engineering and Design}, - year = {2023}, - note = {Analysis of knowledge transfer from experienced operators} -} - -@article{Jo2021, - title = {Automation Paradox in Nuclear Power Plant Control: Effects on Operator Situation Awareness}, - author = {Jo, Y. and others}, - journal = {Nuclear Engineering and Technology}, - year = {2021}, - note = {Empirical study of automation effects on operator performance} -} - -@techreport{IAEA2008, - title = {Modern Instrumentation and Control for Nuclear Power Plants: A Guidebook}, - author = {{International Atomic Energy Agency}}, - institution = {International Atomic Energy Agency}, - year = {2008}, - number = {Technical Reports Series No. 387} -} - -@article{Lee2019, - title = {Autonomous Control of Nuclear Reactors Using Long Short-Term Memory Networks}, - author = {Lee, D. and others}, - journal = {Nuclear Engineering and Technology}, - year = {2019}, - note = {Demonstration of LSTM-based autonomous control in LOC and SGTR scenarios} -} - -@inproceedings{IEEE2019, - title = {Formal Verification Challenges for Nuclear I\&C Systems}, - author = {{IEEE Working Group}}, - booktitle = {IEEE Conference on Nuclear Power Instrumentation, Control and Human-Machine Interface Technologies}, - year = {2019}, - note = {Discussion of state space explosion in formal verification} -} - -@misc{IAEA-severe-accidents, - title = {Human Error as Root Cause in Severe Nuclear Accidents}, - author = {{International Atomic Energy Agency}}, - howpublished = {IAEA Safety Report}, - note = {Analysis of TMI, Chernobyl, and Fukushima accidents} -} - -@article{Dumas1999, - title = {Worker Error and Safety in Nuclear Facilities}, - author = {Dumas, Lloyd}, - journal = {Journal of Nuclear Safety}, - year = {1999}, - note = {Study of incidents at 10 nuclear centers} -} - -@techreport{IAEA-INSAG-1, - title = {Summary Report on the Post-Accident Review Meeting on the Chernobyl Accident}, - author = {{International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group}}, - institution = {International Atomic Energy Agency}, - year = {1986}, - number = {INSAG-1} -} - -@techreport{IAEA-INSAG-7, - title = {The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1}, - author = {{International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group}}, - institution = {International Atomic Energy Agency}, - year = {1992}, - number = {INSAG-7} -} - -@techreport{NUREG-CR-1278, - title = {Handbook of Human Reliability Analysis with Emphasis on Nuclear Power Plant Applications (THERP)}, - author = {Swain, A. D. and Guttmann, H. E.}, - institution = {U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, - year = {1983}, - number = {NUREG/CR-1278} -} - -@techreport{NUREG-CR-6883, - title = {The SPAR-H Human Reliability Analysis Method}, - author = {Gertman, D. and others}, - institution = {U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, - year = {2005}, - number = {NUREG/CR-6883} -} - -@techreport{NUREG-2127, - title = {International HRA Empirical Study: Phase 1 Report}, - author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, - institution = {U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, - year = {2013}, - number = {NUREG-2127} -} - -@article{Rasmussen1983, - title = {Skills, Rules, and Knowledge; Signals, Signs, and Symbols, and Other Distinctions in Human Performance Models}, - author = {Rasmussen, J.}, - journal = {IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics}, - year = {1983}, - volume = {SMC-13}, - number = {3}, - pages = {257--266} -} - -@article{Miller1956, - title = {The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information}, - author = {Miller, George A.}, - journal = {Psychological Review}, - year = {1956}, - volume = {63}, - number = {2}, - pages = {81--97} -} - -@techreport{NUREG-2256, - title = {Integrated Human Event Analysis System for Emergency Crew Actions (IDHEAS-ECA)}, - author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, - institution = {U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, - year = {2022}, - number = {NUREG-2256} -} - -@book{Reason1990, - title = {Human Error}, - author = {Reason, James}, - publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, - year = {1990} -} - -@article{Lee2018, - title = {Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Nuclear Reactor Control}, - author = {Lee, D. and others}, - journal = {Nuclear Engineering and Design}, - year = {2018}, - note = {Demonstration of autonomous control superior to human-plus-automation} -} - -@techreport{Kiniry2022, +@techreport{Kiniry2024, title = {High Assurance Rigorous Digital Engineering for Nuclear Safety (HARDENS) Final Technical Report}, - author = {Kiniry, Joseph and Bakst, Alexander and Podhradsky, Michal and Hansen, Simon and Bivin, Andrew}, + author = {Kiniry, Joseph and Bakst, Alexander and Hansen, Simon and Podhradsky, Michal and Bivin, Andrew}, institution = {Galois, Inc. / U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, - year = {2022}, - number = {ML22326A307}, + year = {2024}, + number = {TLR-RES-RES/DE-2024-005}, note = {NRC Contract 31310021C0014} } diff --git a/Writing/ERLM/references_old.bib b/Writing/ERLM/references_old.bib new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2406bceb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Writing/ERLM/references_old.bib @@ -0,0 +1,547 @@ +% Foundational Papers + +@article{alur1995algorithmic, + title={The algorithmic analysis of hybrid systems}, + author={Alur, Rajeev and Courcoubetis, Costas and Halbwachs, Nicolas and Henzinger, Thomas A and Ho, Pei-Hsin and Nicollin, Xavier and Olivero, Alfredo and Sifakis, Joseph and Yovine, Sergio}, + journal={Theoretical Computer Science}, + volume={138}, + number={1}, + pages={3--34}, + year={1995}, + publisher={Elsevier} +} + +@inproceedings{alur1993hybrid, + title={Hybrid automata: An algorithmic approach to the specification and verification of hybrid systems}, + author={Alur, Rajeev and Courcoubetis, Costas and Henzinger, Thomas A and Ho, Pei-Hsin}, + booktitle={Hybrid Systems}, + pages={209--229}, + year={1993}, + publisher={Springer} +} + +@article{mitchell2005time, + title={A time-dependent Hamilton-Jacobi formulation of reachable sets for continuous dynamic games}, + author={Mitchell, Ian M and Bayen, Alexandre M and Tomlin, Claire J}, + journal={IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control}, + volume={50}, + number={7}, + pages={947--957}, + year={2005}, + publisher={IEEE} +} + +@article{platzer2008differential, + title={Differential dynamic logic for hybrid systems}, + author={Platzer, Andr{\'e}}, + journal={Journal of Automated Reasoning}, + volume={41}, + number={2}, + pages={143--189}, + year={2008}, + publisher={Springer} +} + +@article{platzer2017complete, + title={A complete uniform substitution calculus for differential dynamic logic}, + author={Platzer, Andr{\'e}}, + journal={Journal of Automated Reasoning}, + volume={59}, + number={2}, + pages={219--265}, + year={2017}, + publisher={Springer} +} + +@inproceedings{donze2010robust, + title={Robust satisfaction of temporal logic over real-valued signals}, + author={Donz{\'e}, Alexandre and Maler, Oded}, + booktitle={International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems}, + pages={92--106}, + year={2010}, + publisher={Springer} +} + +% Control Theory and Stability + +@article{geromel2006stability, + title={Stability and stabilization of continuous-time switched linear systems}, + author={Geromel, Jos{\'e} C and Colaneri, Patrizio}, + journal={SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization}, + volume={45}, + number={5}, + pages={1915--1930}, + year={2006}, + publisher={SIAM} +} + +@book{liberzon2003switching, + title={Switching in systems and control}, + author={Liberzon, Daniel}, + year={2003}, + publisher={Birkh{\"a}user Boston} +} + +@article{branicky1998multiple, + title={Multiple Lyapunov functions and other analysis tools for switched and hybrid systems}, + author={Branicky, Michael S}, + journal={IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control}, + volume={43}, + number={4}, + pages={475--482}, + year={1998}, + publisher={IEEE} +} + +% Recent Advances (2020-2025) + +@article{yang2024learning, + title={Learning Local Control Barrier Functions for Hybrid Systems}, + author={Yang, Shuo and Chen, Yiwei and Yin, Xiang and Mangharam, Rahul}, + journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.14907}, + year={2024} +} + +@inproceedings{su2024switching, + title={Switching Controller Synthesis for Hybrid Systems Against STL Formulas}, + author={Su, Mingyu and Vizel, Yakir and Vardi, Moshe Y}, + booktitle={International Symposium on Formal Methods}, + pages={231--248}, + year={2024}, + publisher={Springer} +} + +@article{yao2024model, + title={Model predictive control of stochastic hybrid systems with signal temporal logic constraints}, + author={Yao, Li and Wang, Yiming and Chen, Xiang}, + journal={Automatica}, + volume={159}, + pages={111037}, + year={2024}, + publisher={Elsevier} +} + +@article{yu2024online, + title={Online control synthesis for uncertain systems under signal temporal logic specifications}, + author={Yu, Pian and Gao, Yulong and Jiang, Frank J and Johansson, Karl H and Dimarogonas, Dimos V}, + journal={The International Journal of Robotics Research}, + volume={43}, + number={3}, + pages={284--307}, + year={2024}, + publisher={SAGE} +} + +% Tools and Frameworks + +@inproceedings{meyer2018strix, + title={Strix: Explicit reactive synthesis strikes back!}, + author={Meyer, Philipp J and Luttenberger, Michael}, + booktitle={International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}, + pages={578--586}, + year={2018}, + publisher={Springer} +} + +@techreport{giannakopoulou2022fret, + title={Capturing and Analyzing Requirements with FRET}, + author={Giannakopoulou, Dimitra and Mavridou, Anastasia and Rhein, Julian and Pressburger, Thomas and Schumann, Johann and Shi, Nija}, + institution={NASA Ames Research Center}, + year={2022}, + number={NASA/TM-20220007610} +} + +@inproceedings{fulton2015keymaera, + title={KeYmaera X: An axiomatic tactical theorem prover for hybrid systems}, + author={Fulton, Nathan and Mitsch, Stefan and Quesel, Jan-David and V{\"o}lp, Marcus and Platzer, Andr{\'e}}, + booktitle={International Conference on Automated Deduction}, + pages={527--538}, + year={2015}, + publisher={Springer} +} + +@inproceedings{frehse2011spaceex, + title={SpaceEx: Scalable verification of hybrid systems}, + author={Frehse, Goran and Le Guernic, Colas and Donz{\'e}, Alexandre and Cotton, Scott and Ray, Rajarshi and Lebeltel, Olivier and Ripado, Rodolfo and Girard, Antoine and Dang, Thao and Maler, Oded}, + booktitle={International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}, + pages={379--395}, + year={2011}, + publisher={Springer} +} + +@inproceedings{chen2013flow, + title={Flow*: An analyzer for non-linear hybrid systems}, + author={Chen, Xin and {\'A}brah{\'a}m, Erika and Sankaranarayanan, Sriram}, + booktitle={International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}, + pages={258--263}, + year={2013}, + publisher={Springer} +} + +@inproceedings{larsen1997uppaal, + title={UPPAAL in a nutshell}, + author={Larsen, Kim G and Pettersson, Paul and Yi, Wang}, + journal={International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer}, + volume={1}, + number={1-2}, + pages={134--152}, + year={1997}, + publisher={Springer} +} + +% Reachability and Verification + + +@INPROCEEDINGS{bansal2017hamilton, + author={Bansal, Somil and Chen, Mo and Herbert, Sylvia and Tomlin, Claire J.}, + booktitle={2017 IEEE 56th Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)}, + title={Hamilton-Jacobi reachability: A brief overview and recent advances}, + year={2017}, + volume={}, + pages={2242-2253}, + keywords={Games;Safety;Tools;Trajectory;Tutorials;Level set;Aircraft}, + doi={10.1109/CDC.2017.8263977} +} + +@article{althoff2021set, + title={Set propagation techniques for reachability analysis}, + author={Althoff, Matthias and Frehse, Goran and Girard, Antoine}, + journal={Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems}, + volume={4}, + pages={369--395}, + year={2021}, + publisher={Annual Reviews} +} + +@inproceedings{tabuada2004compositional, + title={Compositional abstractions of hybrid control systems}, + author={Tabuada, Paulo and Pappas, George J and Lima, Pedro}, + journal={Discrete Event Dynamic Systems}, + volume={14}, + number={2}, + pages={203--238}, + year={2004}, + publisher={Springer} +} + +% Applications + +@article{varaiya1993smart, + title={Smart cars on smart roads: Problems of control}, + author={Varaiya, Pravin}, + journal={IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control}, + volume={38}, + number={2}, + pages={195--207}, + year={1993}, + publisher={IEEE} +} + +@article{verlinden2024hybrid, + title={Hybrid reliability modeling of nuclear safety systems: A case study on the reactor protection system of a research reactor}, + author={Verlinden, S and Deridder, F and Wagemans, P}, + journal={Nuclear Engineering and Design}, + volume={417}, + pages={112868}, + year={2024}, + publisher={Elsevier} +} + +% Competitions and Benchmarks + +@inproceedings{hscc2024proceedings, + title={Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control}, + booktitle={HSCC '24}, + year={2024}, + publisher={ACM}, + address={New York, NY, USA} +} + +@inproceedings{jacobs2017syntcomp, + title={The 4th reactive synthesis competition (SYNTCOMP 2017): Benchmarks, participants \& results}, + author={Jacobs, Swen and Bloem, Roderick and Brenguier, Romain and others}, + booktitle={6th Workshop on Synthesis}, + year={2017}, + series={EPTCS}, + volume={260} +} + +% Supporting Papers + +@article{wabersich2018linear, + title={Linear model predictive safety certification for learning-based control}, + author={Wabersich, Kim P and Zeilinger, Melanie N}, + journal={Automatica}, + volume={97}, + pages={48--59}, + year={2018}, + publisher={Elsevier} +} + +@inproceedings{prajna2004safety, + title={Safety verification of hybrid systems using barrier certificates}, + author={Prajna, Stephen and Jadbabaie, Ali}, + booktitle={International Workshop on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control}, + pages={477--492}, + year={2004}, + publisher={Springer} +} + +@article{ames2017control, + title={Control barrier function based quadratic programs for safety critical systems}, + author={Ames, Aaron D and Xu, Xiangru and Grizzle, Jessy W and Tabuada, Paulo}, + journal={IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control}, + volume={62}, + number={8}, + pages={3861--3876}, + year={2017}, + publisher={IEEE} +} + +@article{srinivasan2018control, + title={Control of mobile robots using barrier functions under temporal logic specifications}, + author={Srinivasan, Mohit and Coogan, Samuel}, + journal={IEEE Transactions on Robotics}, + volume={37}, + number={2}, + pages={363--374}, + year={2021}, + publisher={IEEE} +} + +%broader impacts +@techreport{eia_lcoe_2022, + author = {{U.S. Energy Information Administration}}, + title = {Levelized Costs of New Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2022}, + institution = {U.S. Energy Information Administration}, + year = {2022}, + month = {March}, + type = {Report}, + url = {https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf}, + note = {See Table 1b, page 9} +} + +@misc{eesi_datacenter_2024, + author = {{Environmental and Energy Study Institute}}, + title = {Data Center Energy Needs Are Upending Power Grids and Threatening the Climate}, + howpublished = {Web article}, + year = {2024}, + url = {https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/data-center-energy-needs-are-upending-power-grids-and-threatening-the-climate}, + note = {Accessed: 2025-09-29} +} +@techreport{DOE-HDBK-1028-2009, + title = {Human Performance Handbook}, + author = {{U.S. Department of Energy}}, + institution = {U.S. Department of Energy}, + year = {2009}, + number = {DOE-HDBK-1028-2009}, + type = {Handbook} +} + +@misc{WNA2020, + title = {Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors}, + author = {{World Nuclear Association}}, + year = {2020}, + howpublished = {\url{https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/safety-of-nuclear-power-reactors.aspx}} +} + +@article{Wang2025, + title = {Analysis of Human Error in Nuclear Power Plant Operations: A Systematic Review of Events from 2007--2020}, + author = {Wang, Y. and others}, + journal = {Journal of Nuclear Safety}, + year = {2025}, + note = {Analysis of 190 events at Chinese nuclear power plants} +} + +@misc{10CFR55, + title = {Operators' Licenses}, + author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, + howpublished = {10 CFR Part 55}, + note = {Code of Federal Regulations} +} + +@techreport{Kemeny1979, + title = {Report of the President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island}, + author = {Kemeny, John G. and others}, + institution = {President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island}, + year = {1979}, + month = {October} +} + +@misc{10CFR50, + title = {Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities}, + author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, + howpublished = {10 CFR Part 50}, + note = {Code of Federal Regulations} +} + +@techreport{NUREG-0899, + title = {Guidelines for the Preparation of Emergency Operating Procedures}, + author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, + institution = {U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, + year = {1982}, + number = {NUREG-0899} +} + +@techreport{IAEA-TECDOC-1580, + title = {Good Practices for Cost Effective Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plants}, + author = {{International Atomic Energy Agency}}, + institution = {International Atomic Energy Agency}, + year = {2007}, + number = {TECDOC-1580} +} + +@techreport{NUREG-2114, + title = {Cognitive Basis for Human Reliability Analysis}, + author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, + institution = {U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, + year = {2016}, + number = {NUREG-2114} +} + +@article{Zerovnik2023, + title = {Knowledge Transfer Challenges in Nuclear Operations}, + author = {\v{Z}erovnik, Gašper and others}, + journal = {Nuclear Engineering and Design}, + year = {2023}, + note = {Analysis of knowledge transfer from experienced operators} +} + +@article{Jo2021, + title = {Automation Paradox in Nuclear Power Plant Control: Effects on Operator Situation Awareness}, + author = {Jo, Y. and others}, + journal = {Nuclear Engineering and Technology}, + year = {2021}, + note = {Empirical study of automation effects on operator performance} +} + +@techreport{IAEA2008, + title = {Modern Instrumentation and Control for Nuclear Power Plants: A Guidebook}, + author = {{International Atomic Energy Agency}}, + institution = {International Atomic Energy Agency}, + year = {2008}, + number = {Technical Reports Series No. 387} +} + +@article{Lee2019, + title = {Autonomous Control of Nuclear Reactors Using Long Short-Term Memory Networks}, + author = {Lee, D. and others}, + journal = {Nuclear Engineering and Technology}, + year = {2019}, + note = {Demonstration of LSTM-based autonomous control in LOC and SGTR scenarios} +} + +@inproceedings{IEEE2019, + title = {Formal Verification Challenges for Nuclear I\&C Systems}, + author = {{IEEE Working Group}}, + booktitle = {IEEE Conference on Nuclear Power Instrumentation, Control and Human-Machine Interface Technologies}, + year = {2019}, + note = {Discussion of state space explosion in formal verification} +} + +@misc{IAEA-severe-accidents, + title = {Human Error as Root Cause in Severe Nuclear Accidents}, + author = {{International Atomic Energy Agency}}, + howpublished = {IAEA Safety Report}, + note = {Analysis of TMI, Chernobyl, and Fukushima accidents} +} + +@article{Dumas1999, + title = {Worker Error and Safety in Nuclear Facilities}, + author = {Dumas, Lloyd}, + journal = {Journal of Nuclear Safety}, + year = {1999}, + note = {Study of incidents at 10 nuclear centers} +} + +@techreport{IAEA-INSAG-1, + title = {Summary Report on the Post-Accident Review Meeting on the Chernobyl Accident}, + author = {{International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group}}, + institution = {International Atomic Energy Agency}, + year = {1986}, + number = {INSAG-1} +} + +@techreport{IAEA-INSAG-7, + title = {The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1}, + author = {{International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group}}, + institution = {International Atomic Energy Agency}, + year = {1992}, + number = {INSAG-7} +} + +@techreport{NUREG-CR-1278, + title = {Handbook of Human Reliability Analysis with Emphasis on Nuclear Power Plant Applications (THERP)}, + author = {Swain, A. D. and Guttmann, H. E.}, + institution = {U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, + year = {1983}, + number = {NUREG/CR-1278} +} + +@techreport{NUREG-CR-6883, + title = {The SPAR-H Human Reliability Analysis Method}, + author = {Gertman, D. and others}, + institution = {U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, + year = {2005}, + number = {NUREG/CR-6883} +} + +@techreport{NUREG-2127, + title = {International HRA Empirical Study: Phase 1 Report}, + author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, + institution = {U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, + year = {2013}, + number = {NUREG-2127} +} + +@article{Rasmussen1983, + title = {Skills, Rules, and Knowledge; Signals, Signs, and Symbols, and Other Distinctions in Human Performance Models}, + author = {Rasmussen, J.}, + journal = {IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics}, + year = {1983}, + volume = {SMC-13}, + number = {3}, + pages = {257--266} +} + +@article{Miller1956, + title = {The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information}, + author = {Miller, George A.}, + journal = {Psychological Review}, + year = {1956}, + volume = {63}, + number = {2}, + pages = {81--97} +} + +@techreport{NUREG-2256, + title = {Integrated Human Event Analysis System for Emergency Crew Actions (IDHEAS-ECA)}, + author = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, + institution = {U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, + year = {2022}, + number = {NUREG-2256} +} + +@book{Reason1990, + title = {Human Error}, + author = {Reason, James}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {1990} +} + +@article{Lee2018, + title = {Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Nuclear Reactor Control}, + author = {Lee, D. and others}, + journal = {Nuclear Engineering and Design}, + year = {2018}, + note = {Demonstration of autonomous control superior to human-plus-automation} +} + +@techreport{Kiniry2022, + title = {High Assurance Rigorous Digital Engineering for Nuclear Safety (HARDENS) Final Technical Report}, + author = {Kiniry, Joseph and Bakst, Alexander and Podhradsky, Michal and Hansen, Simon and Bivin, Andrew}, + institution = {Galois, Inc. / U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, + year = {2022}, + number = {ML22326A307}, + note = {NRC Contract 31310021C0014} +} diff --git a/Writing/ERLM/state-of-the-art/v6.tex b/Writing/ERLM/state-of-the-art/v6.tex index 2d8235e3a..8cbc6e550 100644 --- a/Writing/ERLM/state-of-the-art/v6.tex +++ b/Writing/ERLM/state-of-the-art/v6.tex @@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ Emergency Operating Procedures (EOPs) for design-basis accidents, Severe Accident Management Guidelines (SAMGs) for beyond-design-basis events, and Extensive Damage Mitigation Guidelines (EDMGs) for catastrophic damage scenarios. These procedures must comply with 10 CFR 50.34(b)(6)(ii) and are -developed using guidance from NUREG-0899~\cite{NUREG-0899}, but their +developed using guidance from NUREG-0900~\cite{NUREG-0899, 10CFR50.34}, but their development process relies fundamentally on expert judgment and simulator validation rather than formal verification. Procedures undergo technical evaluation, simulator validation testing, and biennial review as part of -operator requalification under 10 CFR 55.59~\cite{10CFR55}. Despite these +operator requalification under 10 CFR 55.59~\cite{10CFR55.59}. Despite these rigorous development processes, procedures fundamentally lack formal verification of key safety properties. There is no mathematical proof that procedures cover all possible plant states, that required actions can be @@ -38,29 +38,30 @@ computer-based procedure systems lack the formal guarantees that automated reasoning could provide. Nuclear plants operate with multiple control modes: automatic control where the -reactor control system maintains target parameters through continuous rod -adjustment, manual control where operators directly manipulate control rods, and +reactor control system maintains target parameters through continuous reactivity +adjustment, manual control where operators directly manipulate the reactor, and various intermediate modes. In typical pressurized water reactor operation, the -reactor control system automatically maintains a floating average temperature, -compensating for changes in power demand with reactivity feedback loops alone. -Safety systems instead operate with implemented automation. Reactor +reactor control system automatically maintains a floating average temperature +and compensates for changes in power demand with reactivity feedback loops +alone. Safety systems instead operate with implemented automation. Reactor Protection Systems trip automatically on safety signals with millisecond response times, and engineered safety features actuate automatically on accident signals without operator action required. -The current division between automated and human-controlled functions -reveals the fundamental challenge of hybrid control. Highly -automated systems handle reactor protection like automatic trips on safety -parameters, emergency core cooling actuation, containment isolation, -and basic process control. Human operators, however, retain control of -strategic decision-making such as power level changes, startup/shutdown -sequences, mode transitions, and procedure implementation. %%%NEED MORE - -\textbf{LIMITATION:} \textit{Current practice treats continuous plant -dynamics and discrete control logic separately.} No application of -hybrid control theory exists that could provide mathematical guarantees -across mode transitions, verify timing properties formally, or optimize -the automation-human interaction trade-off with provable safety bounds. +% \textbf{LIMITATION:} \textit{Current practice treats continuous plant +% dynamics and discrete control logic separately.} No application of +% hybrid control theory exists that could provide mathematical guarantees +% across mode transitions, verify timing properties formally, or optimize +% the automation-human interaction trade-off with provable safety bounds. +% +The current division between automated and human-controlled functions reveals +the fundamental challenge of hybrid control. Highly automated systems handle +reactor protection like automatic trips on safety parameters, emergency core +cooling actuation, containment isolation, and basic process +control~\cite{WRPS.Description, gentillon_westinghouse_1999}. Human operators, +however, retain control of strategic decision-making such as power level +changes, startup/shutdown sequences, mode transitions, and procedure +implementation. %%%NEED MORE \subsection{Human Factors in Nuclear Accidents} @@ -70,50 +71,39 @@ most compelling motivation for formal automated control with mathematical safety guarantees. Current generation nuclear power plants employ 3,600+ active NRC-licensed -reactor operators in the United States. These operators are divided into Reactor -Operators (ROs) who manipulate reactor controls and Senior Reactor Operators -(SROs) who direct plant operations and serve as shift -supervisors~\cite{10CFR55}. Staffing typically requires 2+ ROs with at least one -SRO for current generation units~\cite{NRC WEBSITE IN ZOTERO FOR PRES}. To -become a reactor operator, an individual spends several years to pass completed -training~\cite{ALSO IN PRES FOLDER}. Current generation nuclear power plants -employ 3,600+ active NRC-licensed reactor operators in the United States. These +reactor operators in the United States~\cite{operator_statistics}. These operators are divided into Reactor Operators (ROs) who manipulate reactor controls and Senior Reactor Operators (SROs) who direct plant operations and serve as shift supervisors~\cite{10CFR55}. Staffing typically requires 2+ ROs -with at least one SRO for current generation units~\cite{NRC WEBSITE IN ZOTERO -FOR PRES}. To become a reactor operator, an individual spends several years to -pass completed training~\cite{ALSO IN PRES FOLDER}. +with at least one SRO for current generation units~\cite{10CFR50.54}. To become +a reactor operator, an individual spends several years to pass completed +training. The role of these human operators is paradoxically both critical and problematic. Operators hold legal authority under 10 CFR Part 55 to make critical decisions including departing from normal regulations during -emergencies. The Three Mile Island (TMI) accident demonstrated how ``combination -of personnel error, design deficiencies, and component failures'' led to partial -meltdown when operators ``misread confusing and contradictory readings and shut -off the emergency water system''~\cite{Kemeny1979}. The President's Commission -on TMI identified a fundamental ambiguity: placing ``responsibility and -accountability for safe power plant operations...on the licensee in all -circumstances'' without formal verification that operators can fulfill this -responsibility under all conditions~\cite{Kemeny1979}.% CHECK THIS SOURCE... -This tension between operational flexibility and safety assurance remains -unresolved in current practice as the person responsible for reactor safety -simultaneously is usually the root cause of a failure. +emergencies. The Three Mile Island (TMI) accident demonstrated how combination +of personnel error, design deficiencies, and component failures led to partial +meltdown when operators misread confusing and contradictory readings and shut +off the emergency water system~\cite{Kemeny1979}. The President's Commission on +TMI identified a fundamental ambiguity: placing responsibility and +accountability for safe power plant operations on the licensee in all +circumstances without formal verification that operators can fulfill this +responsibility under all conditions does not guarantee safety. This tension +between operational flexibility and safety assurance remains unresolved in +current practice as the person responsible for reactor safety simultaneously is +usually the root cause of a failure. -Multiple independent analyses converge on a striking statistic: 70--80\% -of all nuclear power plant events are attributed to human error versus -approximately 20\% to equipment failures~\cite{DOE-HDBK-1028-2009,WNA2020}. More -significantly, the International Atomic Energy Agency concluded that ``human -error was the root cause of all severe accidents at nuclear power plants''---a -categorical statement spanning Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima -Daiichi~\cite{IAEA-severe-accidents}. A detailed analysis of 190 events at -Chinese nuclear power plants from 2007--2020~\cite{Wang2025} found that 53\% of -events involved active errors while 92\% were associated with latent errors -(organizational and systemic weaknesses that create conditions for failure). The -persistence of this 70--80\% human error contribution despite four decades of -continuous improvements in operator training, control room design, procedures, -and human factors engineering. This suggests fundamental cognitive limitations -rather than remediable deficiencies. %check all of these sources +Multiple independent analyses converge on a striking statistic: 70--80\% of all +nuclear power plant events are attributed to human error versus approximately +20\% to equipment failures~\cite{WNA2020}. More significantly, the root cause of +all severe accidents at nuclear power plants such as those at Three Mile Island, +Chernobyl, and Fukushima Daiichi, has been identified as poor safety management +and poor safety culture--primarily human factors~\cite{hogberg_root_2013}. A +detailed analysis of 190 events at Chinese nuclear power plants from +2007--2020~\cite{zhang_analysis_2025} found that 53\% of events involved active +errors while 92\% were associated with latent errors (organizational and +systemic weaknesses that create conditions for failure). %%%%% This seems like a bad paragraph. Doesn't really connect with the idea of %%%%% autonomy. Seems more like a design issue for the control room. With more @@ -139,37 +129,31 @@ rather than remediable deficiencies. %check all of these sources % assessed through expert judgment and historical data alone. % % how does autonomy fix these issues exactly? This seems like -\textbf{LIMITATION:} \textit{Human factors impose fundamental reliability -limits that cannot be overcome through training alone.} Response time -limitations constrain human effectiveness---reactor protection systems -must respond in milliseconds, 100--1000 times faster than human -operators. Cognitive biases systematically distort judgment: -confirmation bias, overconfidence, and anchoring bias are inherent -features of human cognition, not individual failings~\cite{Reason1990}. -The persistent 70--80\% human error contribution despite four decades of -improvements demonstrates that these limitations are fundamental -rather than remediable part of human-driven control. +\textbf{LIMITATION:} \textit{Human factors impose fundamental reliability limits +that cannot be overcome through training alone.} The persistent human +error contribution despite four decades of improvements demonstrates that these +limitations are fundamental rather than remediable part of human-driven control. \subsection{HARDENS and Formal Methods} The High Assurance Rigorous Digital Engineering for Nuclear Safety (HARDENS) project represents the most advanced application of formal methods to nuclear -reactor control systems to date. HARDENS aimed to address the nuclear industry's +reactor control systems to date~\cite{Kiniry2024}. HARDENS aimed to address the nuclear industry's fundamental dilemma: existing U.S. nuclear control rooms rely on analog technologies from the 1950s--60s. This technology is woefully out of date compared to modern control technologies, and incurs significant risk and cost to -plant operation. The NRC contracted Galois to demonstrate that Model-Based -Systems Engineering and formal methods could design, verify, and implement a -complex protection system meeting regulatory criteria at a fraction of typical -cost. The project delivered a Reactor Trip System (RTS) implementation with full -traceability from NRC Request for Proposals and IEEE standards through -formal architecture specifications to formally verified binaries and -hardware running on FPGA demonstrator boards. +plant operation. The NRC contracted Galois, a company of formal methods experts, +to demonstrate that Model-Based Systems Engineering and formal methods could +design, verify, and implement a complex protection system meeting regulatory +criteria at a fraction of typical cost. The project delivered a Reactor Trip +System (RTS) implementation with full traceability from NRC Request for +Proposals and IEEE standards through formal architecture specifications to +formally verified software. %%% did it actually do an FPGA demonstration? Dubious. HARDENS employed an array of formal methods tools and techniques across the verification hierarchy. High-level specifications used Lando, SysMLv2, and FRET -(NASA JPL's Formal Requirements Elicitation Tool) to capture stakeholder +(NASA Formal Requirements Elicitation Tool) to capture stakeholder requirements, domain engineering, certification requirements, and safety requirements. % this sentence is long af Requirements were formally analyzed for consistency, completeness, @@ -202,8 +186,8 @@ safety margins. HARDENS produced a demonstrator system at Technology Readiness Level 2--3 (analytical proof of concept with laboratory breadboard validation) rather than a deployment-ready system validated through extended operational testing. The -NRC Final Report explicitly notes~\cite{Kiniry2022}: ``All material is -considered in development and not a finalized product'' and ``The demonstration +NRC Final Report explicitly notes~\cite{Kiniry2024} that all material is +considered in development and not a finalized product and ``The demonstration of its technical soundness was to be at a level consistent with satisfaction of the current regulatory criteria, although with no explicit demonstration of how regulatory requirements are met.'' The project did not include deployment in