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# Second Pass
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# Second Pass
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**What is the main thrust?**
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**What is the main thrust?**
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This review gives an overview of formal methods applied to machine learning.
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Formal methods has been used for ML to test for robustness for various
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perturbations on inputs. They start by talking about several types of formal methods, including deductive verification, design by refinement, proof
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assistants, model checking, and semantic static analysis, and then finally,
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abstract interpretation of semantic static analysis. The last one has been
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used the most in FM of ML.
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A large part of the paper focuses on formal methods for neural network
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perturbation robustness. They split up the methods into two types: complete
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and incomplete formal methods. Complete formal methods are *sound* and
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*complete*. This means they do not have false positives or false negatives.
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These methods generally do not apply well to large networks (beyond
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hundreds gets rough), but give the highest level of assurance. Here, there
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are two more subcategories: SMT based solvers and MILP-based solvers.
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SMT solvers are Satisfiability Modulo Theory solvers. These solvers
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**What is the supporting evidence?**
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**What is the supporting evidence?**
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