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# Second Pass
**What is the main thrust?**
This review gives an overview of formal methods applied to machine learning.
Formal methods has been used for ML to test for robustness for various
perturbations on inputs. They start by talking about several types of formal methods, including deductive verification, design by refinement, proof
assistants, model checking, and semantic static analysis, and then finally,
abstract interpretation of semantic static analysis. The last one has been
used the most in FM of ML.
A large part of the paper focuses on formal methods for neural network
perturbation robustness. They split up the methods into two types: complete
and incomplete formal methods. Complete formal methods are *sound* and
*complete*. This means they do not have false positives or false negatives.
These methods generally do not apply well to large networks (beyond
hundreds gets rough), but give the highest level of assurance. Here, there
are two more subcategories: SMT based solvers and MILP-based solvers.
SMT solvers are Satisfiability Modulo Theory solvers. These solvers
**What is the supporting evidence?**