# Topic and Description
Modern control systems are integrating more and more digital technologies. These technologies can be more efficient, and easier to update and maintain than an analog counterpart. With this flexibility, however, digital control systems are more vulnerable than analog control systems as control dynamics can be augmented through cyberattacks. I would like to dig in to how the nuclear industry will face regulating digital control systems and ensure robustness of critical NPP safety systems from cyberattacks.
# ChatGPT Outline Ideas
## Outline

**1. Introduction (1 page)**

- Background on nuclear power plants and the criticality of safety systems.
- Increasing integration of digital control systems in NPPs.
- Thesis: While digital technologies improve efficiency and maintainability, they introduce cybersecurity vulnerabilities that must be regulated to ensure robust safety.

**2. Overview of Digital vs. Analog Control Systems (1–1.5 pages)**

- Benefits of digital systems: flexibility, ease of updates, better diagnostics.
- Risks of digital systems: cyber vulnerabilities, increased attack surface.
- Comparison with analog systems: inherent stability and isolation.

**3. Cybersecurity Threats to NPP Safety Systems (1–2 pages)**

- Common attack vectors: malware, insider threats, supply chain vulnerabilities.
- Case studies or examples (e.g., Stuxnet attack on nuclear facilities).
- Potential impacts: compromised reactor safety, economic losses, public trust.

**4. Regulatory Challenges in Digital Systems (1–1.5 pages)**

- Existing frameworks (e.g., NRC guidelines, IEC standards for industrial systems).
- Gaps in regulations specific to cybersecurity in NPPs.
- Role of international cooperation and harmonized standards.

**5. Strategies for Ensuring Robustness (1.5–2 pages)**

- Cybersecurity best practices: secure coding, regular audits, redundant safety systems.
- Emerging technologies: AI for anomaly detection, blockchain for secure communication.
- Human factors: training, insider threat mitigation.

**6. Conclusion (0.5–1 page)**

- Recap key points: benefits and risks of digital systems, regulatory needs, and solutions.
- Emphasize importance of proactive measures to protect NPPs.

**7. References (1+ pages)**

- Include at least one technical journal article, industry report, and a credible secondary source.
## Key Areas to Research

1. **Cybersecurity in Critical Infrastructure**
    
    - Look into how cybersecurity frameworks (e.g., NIST CSF) are applied in critical systems.
2. **Nuclear-Specific Standards**
    
    - Research NRC regulatory guides (RGs) and standards like IEEE 7-4.3.2 or IAEA guidelines on safety-critical systems.
3. **Case Studies and Incidents**
    
    - Stuxnet, Triton/Trisis attacks on industrial control systems, or hypothetical scenarios in nuclear contexts.
4. **Technical Methods for Cybersecurity**
    
    - Intrusion detection systems, physical and network segmentation, fail-safe mechanisms.
5. **Policy Challenges**
    
    - Balancing innovation with regulation, cross-border cybersecurity cooperation.

## Resources to Start

- Journals like _Nuclear Engineering and Design_, _Cybersecurity in Critical Infrastructure_, and _IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science_.
- Reports from the NRC, IAEA, or the DOE.
- Books on cybersecurity in industrial control systems.

# My Outline
## Introduction
Modern nuclear power plants (NPPs) rely on control systems to maintain critical operations and ensure safety. Traditionally, these systems have been analog, relying on direct physical connections and simple, robust mechanisms. Analog systems, while secure by design against modern threats, pose challenges in maintenance and adaptability.

The nuclear industry is now transitioning to digital control systems, which offer enhanced flexibility, efficiency, and scalability. These systems can optimize operations through remote monitoring, streamlined updates, and integration with advanced diagnostics. However, this shift introduces a significant concern: cybersecurity. Unlike analog systems, digital control systems are vulnerable to cyberattacks, which can compromise safety-critical operations and even have physical consequences.

The integration of digital technologies into NPPs presents a unique regulatory challenge. How can these systems be safeguarded against increasingly sophisticated cyber threats? This paper explores the contrast between analog and digital systems, examines the specific cybersecurity risks posed to NPPs, and discusses the regulatory hurdles and strategies needed to ensure the robustness of these critical infrastructures.
## Digital vs. Analog Control Systems
The fundamental reason cybersecurity is a concern for nuclear power is the introduction of digital control
### How is control done now?
- Most safety systems (and other controls) are analog
- There are actual wires or air lines running to everything
- Bone simple to understand
- Difficult to maintain and adjust. Have to manually shim devices in electrical circuits or pressure systems for example.
- Security is a matter of restricting access. Humans have been doing physical defense for thousands of years. We're good at that.
### What is the future of control?
- Digital controllers (computers)
- Can be more efficient, more involved control solutions
- Can easily update systems as components age and wear to ensure optimality. 
- Can easily update to new technology in pieces or in whole system
- Remote monitoring is a thing
- Security is much more complex than restricting access. Instead, cyberattacks are a whole new frontier of vulnerabilities
## Cybersecurity Threats to Digital Control Systems
- Cybersecurity threats on digital control systems happen all the time and are a big deal.
- talk about what cyberphysical systems are
- CPS is important because a cyber attack on a cps translates digital harm into physical consequences. 
- On less critical systems this has been an issue.
- German Steel Mill was an attack that caused severe financial losses to a german steel mill and blew open a blast furnace
- What about nuclear? As far as we know no attacks on NPP but there has been cyberattacks in the nuclear industry.
- Stuxnet was specifically designed to target Iran's nuclear enrichment program, and destroyed a lot of their progress.
- Their control systems weren't iranian made however, they're industry standard. (CHECK!)
- Digital control systems introduce vulnerbailities by their nature because they can carry vulnerabilities that are not easily traceable from the supply chain too.
- Pager attack is a supply chain example. How can you check code correctness?
## Regulatory Challenges in Digital Systems
- Huge problem with digital control systems. You really can't know because the onus of cybersecurity right now is on the user (THIS IS CITEABLE)
- This is a push for regulators to instead put the blame of vulnerability removal onto the manufacturers. 
- This is one thing that has to happen. It's like buying a car and the manufacturer says any recalls are your job to pay for.
- The other big challenge is measuring cybersecurity is incredibly challenging if not impossible.
- We're good at physical security. 
	- We measure cameras, sensors, walls
	- we know how effective these things are and how long it takes to defeat them
	- From that, we know how much value we get from defenses
- Cyberattacks are a completely different plane. The same analogy does not apply
- Because of this, it's hard to figure out how much cybersecurity protection is enough or appropriate
- and for Nuclear where every t and i has its mark, this just doesn't fit.
- This is an ongoing research topic.
## Conclusion
As nuclear power plants evolve to incorporate digital control systems, the industry faces a double-edged sword. While these systems offer unmatched efficiency and adaptability, they also open doors to unprecedented cybersecurity risks. Cyberattacks targeting digital control systems, such as the infamous Stuxnet incident, highlight the real-world consequences of vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure.

To mitigate these risks, the nuclear industry must adopt a proactive approach to cybersecurity, shifting the responsibility for secure system design to manufacturers and embracing innovative solutions for detection and defense. However, the complexity of measuring and enforcing cybersecurity presents a daunting regulatory challenge. Unlike physical security, where effectiveness can be quantified, digital security operates in an ever-changing landscape with no straightforward metrics for success.

The future of nuclear power depends on resolving these challenges. By fostering collaboration between industry leaders, regulators, and cybersecurity experts, the nuclear sector can build resilient systems that leverage the benefits of digital technology while safeguarding against its risks. Only through rigorous oversight and continuous innovation can we ensure the safety and reliability of NPPs in the digital age.